COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE

par HERMES (EPA:RMS)

Hermès International: 2024 Full-Year Results

                                                                                                             image

 

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Outstanding results in 2024

 

Revenue amounted to €15.2 billion

(+15% at constant exchange rates and +13% at current exchange rates)

Recurring operating income reached €6.2 billion, representing 40.5% of sales Adjusted free cash flow amounted to €3.8 billion, up by 18%

 

 

Paris, 14 February 2025

The Group’s consolidated revenue amounted to €15.2 billion in 2024, up by 15% at constant exchange rates and by 13% at current exchange rates compared to 2023.

Recurring operating income reached €6.2 billion (40.5% of sales) and net profit (group share) reached €4.6 billion (30.3% of sales).

In the fourth quarter, sales reached €4.0 billion, increasing by 18% at constant exchange rates and current exchange rates. All the geographical areas confirmed solid growth, with a strong performance of the Americas in particular.

Axel Dumas, Executive Chairman of Hermès, said: “In 2024, in a more uncertain economic and geopolitical context, the solid performance of the results attests to the strength of the Hermès model and the agility of the house’s teams, whom I thank warmly. While preserving the group’s major balances and its responsibility as an employer, the house is staying the course, attached more than ever to its fundamental values of quality, creativity and savoir-faire.”

 

 

Sales by geographical area at the end of December

(at constant exchange rates, unless otherwise indicated)

At the end of December 2024, all the geographical areas posted growth. Hermès continued the qualitative development of its exclusive distribution network.

•       Asia excluding Japan (+7%) recorded a remarkable increase, thanks to solid sales in all the countries in the area. Growth reached 9% in the fourth quarter, despite the downturn in traffic in Greater China since the end of the first quarter. In China, the store in Shenyang’s MixC mall reopened in December after expansion work, following the Shenzhen Luohu store in October and the Beijing SKP store in May. In Singapore, the newly renovated and extended Takashimaya store also reopened in October. 

•       Japan (+23%) achieved a regular and sustained growth, driven by the loyalty of  local clients. A new store was opened in the Ginza district of Tokyo in June, following the Azabudai Hills store which opened in February.

•       The Americas (+15%) confirmed excellent growth in 2024. In the United States, the Atlanta store reopened in October after being renovated and expanded, following the April inauguration of the store in Princeton, New Jersey. An event

image

HERMES INTERNATIONAL, Société en Commandite par Actions (partnership limited by shares) with capital of €53,840,400.12,

Registered in the Paris Trade and Companies Register under number 572 076 396, whose registered office is at 24, rue du

Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 PARIS

showcasing the petit h creations was staged in New York’s Madison store in October.

•       Europe excluding France (+19%) and France (+13%) both performed well, supported by robust demand and the loyalty of local clients, as well as dynamic tourist flows. In November, a new store was inaugurated in Lille, after the June reopening of the renovated and expanded store in Nantes. The newly renovated and extended store in Naples reopened in December.

 

Sales by sector at the end of December

(at constant exchange rates, unless otherwise indicated)

At the end of December 2024, all métiers except Watches posted solid growth, supported by the house’s value strategy.

•       Leather Goods and Saddlery (+18%) achieved a remarkable performance, thanks to the increase in production capacities and particularly strong demand. The collections were enhanced in particular with the Arçon and Hermès Della Cavalleria Élan models. The travel universe unfolded around an R.M.S. Cargo suitcase and weekend bags. The increase in production capacities continued with the September opening of the twenty-third leather goods workshop in Riom (Puyde-Dôme). Three new workshops will open in the coming three years: L’Isled'Espagnac (Charente) in 2025, Loupes (Gironde) in 2026 and Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) in 2027. Hermès continues to develop both employment and training in its nine regional centres of expertise located across the national territory.

•       The Ready-to-wear and Accessories sector (+15%) continued its solid momentum thanks to the success of the ready-to-wear and shoe collections, blending the house’s abundant know-how with its boundless creativity. The men’s and women’s spring-summer 2025 collections, unveiled at the Palais d’Iéna in June and at the Garde Républicaine in September respectively, were very well received. 

•       The Silk and Textiles sector (+4%) benefited from the diversity of creations, materials and formats in both the women’s and men’s collections.

•       Perfume and Beauty (+9%) achieved steady growth. The Perfume collections were enhanced in September with the new women’s perfume, Barénia, named after a natural heritage leather of the house. It is meeting with great success worldwide, alongside classics such as Terre d’Hermès and new creations including Hermessence Oud Alezan and H24 Herbes Vives. The Beauty division continued to expand with the launch of the collection Trait Hermès eye and lip liners.

•       The Watches business line (-4%), penalised by a more challenging context and a high comparison basis, continues its development, displaying singular creativity and remarkable watchmaking know-how. The new complication model Arceau Duc Attelé, the launch of Hermès Cut and the iconic Hermès H08 and Kelly lines have met with great success.

•       The Other Hermès sector (+17%) which include Jewellery and the Home universe, recorded strong growth. The eighth Haute Bijouterie collection, Les formes de la couleur, was presented in Paris, Beijing and Taipei.  

             

Solid Results

 

Recurring operating income amounted to €6.2 billion, up by 9% from €5.7 billion in 2023. Despite the negative impact of currency hedging, recurring operating profitability reached 40.5% compared to 42.1% in 2023, an exceptionally high level.

Consolidated net profit group share grew by 7% to €4.6 billion, representing a net profitability of 30.3% compared to 32.1% last year.

The cash flow from operating activities amounted to €5.1 billion and increased by 19%, thanks to a smaller increase in working capital requirements. After operational investments (€1.1 billion) and repayment of lease liabilities, the adjusted free cash flow reached €3.8 billion compared to

€3.2 billion last year.

After distribution of the ordinary and extraordinary dividend of €2.6 billion, the restated net cash position amounted to €12.0 billion at the end of December 2024 compared to €11.2 billion at the end of 2023.

A responsible and sustainable model

The Hermès group continued to recruit, increasing its workforce by around 2,300 people, including around 1,300 in France. At the end of 2024, the group passed the 25,000 employees milestone, including 15,556 in France. Over the past three years, Hermès has created around 7,000 jobs, including 60% in France. In line with its ambitions to promote diversity, Hermès reaffirms its commitment to the inclusion of people with disabilities. As a result, the direct employment rate has reached 7.12% in France, doubling in 5 years.

True to its commitment as a responsible employer and its willingness to share the fruits of growth with all those who contribute to it daily, Hermès will be giving out a bonus of €4,500 to all its employees worldwide at the beginning of the year in respect of 2024. Hermès also strengthens its commitments to education and the transmission know-how, particularly with the deployment of the École Hermès des savoir-faire, which has extended its training programs to all 10 training schools in France. The company confirms its commitment to local anchoring by promoting local know-how and employment.

In line with its commitments to fight climate change, the Hermès group has continued its actions in accordance with its 2030 targets, validated by the Science Based Target initiative (SBTi). Since 2018, the reduction in emissions for scopes 1 and 2 has been 63.7% in absolute terms, and 50.5% in intensity for scope 3.

The sustainable and responsible dimension of the house’s craftsmanship model was rewarded in

July with the Grand Prix in all categories at the Transparency Awards, an 11-point increase in the S&P ESG rating agency’s evaluation, and by the inclusion in the CDP’s “A-list” for the third year in a row. These results reflect the house’s commitments and values.

Proposed dividend 

At the General Meeting to be held on 30 April 2025, a dividend of €16.00 per share will be proposed. The €3.50 interim dividend, to be paid on 19 February 2025, will be deducted from the dividend approved by the General Meeting. In addition, an exceptional dividend of €10.00 per share will be proposed at the General Meeting. 

Other highlights 

At the end of December 2024, currency fluctuations represented a negative impact of €235 million on revenue. 

During the year, Hermès International redeemed 21,316 shares for €40 million, excluding transactions completed within the framework of the liquidity contract.

Hermès became a majority shareholder in January 2024 alongside its partner in the Middle East in the retail activities located in the United Arab Emirates. As a reminder, the impact resulting from this acquisition of a majority stake was not significant on the 2024 consolidated financial statements.

Outlook

 

In the medium-term, despite the economic, geopolitical and monetary uncertainties around the world, the group confirms an ambitious goal for revenue growth at constant exchange rates. 

In a more complex economic and geopolitical context, the group has moved into 2025 with confidence, thanks to the highly integrated artisanal model, the balanced distribution network, the creativity of collections and the loyalty of clients.

Thanks to its unique business model, Hermès is pursuing its long-term development strategy based on creativity, maintaining control over know-how and singular communication.

Drawn to craft is the theme of the year. From the saddle stitch to the pencil stroke, everything at Hermès begins with drawing. It’s the link that binds us, the language of a material being shaped. It will carry us – walking, trotting and galloping – along the paths of creation.

The press release and the presentation of the 2024 results are available on the group’s website: https://finance.hermes.com

 

At the Supervisory Board meeting on 13 February 2025, Executive Management presented the audited financial statements for 2024. The audit procedures have been completed and the audit report is under preparation. The procedures for the verification of sustainability information are underway. 

The complete consolidated financial statements will be available by 31 March 2025 at the following address https://finance.hermes.com and on the AMF website: www.amf-france.org

 

 

 

Upcoming events:

•       17 April 2025: Q1 2025 revenue publication

•       30 April 2025: General Meeting of shareholders

•       30 July 2025: Publication of H1 2025 results

2024 KEY FIGURES

 

 

In millions of euros

2024

2023

 

 

Revenue

15,170

13,427

Growth at current exchange rates vs. n-1

13.0%

15.7%

Growth at constant exchange rates vs. n-1 (1)

14.7%

20.6%

 

 

 

Recurring operating income (2)

6,150

5,650

As a % of revenue

40.5%

42.1%

 

 

 

Operating income

6,150

5,650

As a % of revenue

40.5%

42.1%

 

 

 

Net profit – Group share

4,603

4,311

As a % of revenue

30.3%

32.1%

 

 

 

Operating cash flows

5,378

5,123

Investments (excluding financial investments)

1,067

859

 

 

 

Adjusted free cash flow (3)

3,767

3,192

 

 

 

Equity – Group share

17,327

15,201

 

 

 

Net cash position (4)

11,642

10,625

 

 

 

Restated net cash position (5)

12,039

11,164

 

 

 

Workforce (number of employees) (6)

25,185

22,879

(1)     Growth at constant exchange rates is calculated by applying, for each currency, the average exchange rates of the previous period to the revenue for the period. 

(2)     Recurring operating income is one of the main performance indicators monitored by Group

Management. It corresponds to operating income excluding non‑recurring items having a significant impact that may affect understanding of the group’s economic performance. 

(3)     Adjusted free cash flows are the sum of cash flows related to operating activities, less operating investments and the repayment of lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16 (aggregates in the consolidated statement of cash flows).

(4)     Net cash position includes cash and cash equivalents presented under balance sheet assets, less bank overdrafts which appear under short‑term borrowings and financial liabilities on the liabilities side. Net cash position does not include lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16. (5) The restated net cash position corresponds to net cash plus cash investments that do not meet the IFRS criteria for cash equivalents due in particular to their original maturity of more than three months, less borrowings and financial liabilities.

(6) The headcount relates to employees on permanent contracts and those on fixed-term contracts with no seniority requirement (22,037 published at the end of December 2023, excluding fixed-term contracts of less than 9 months prior to the change in CSRD methodology).

  

 

 

 

                                                                            REVENUE BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (a)

 

 

                  As of Dec. 31st,                                           Evolution /2023

In millions of Euros

 

At constant

                   2024                          2023                   Published              exchange rates

France

1,447

1,274

13.5%

13.5%

Europe (excl. France)

2,147

1,818

18.1%

18.9%

Total Europe

 

3,594

3,093

16.2%

16.7%

Japan

1,437

1,260

14.0%

22.5%

Asia-Pacific (excl. Japan)

6,648

6,273

6.0%

7.4%

Total Asia

 

8,085

7,533

7.3%

9.9%

Americas

2,865

2,502

14.5%

15.5%

Other (Middle East)

627

299

109.7%

109.6%

TOTAL

 

15,170

13,427

13.0%

14.7%

 

 

                     4th quarter                                               Evolution /2023

In millions of Euros

 

At constant

                   2024                          2023                   Published              exchange rates

France

401

359

11.8%

11.8%

Europe (excl. France)

593

491

20.6%

20.7%

Total Europe

 

994

850

16.9%

17.0%

Japan

384

321

19.7%

22.4%

Asia-Pacific (excl. Japan)

1,543

1,401

10.1%

8.9%

Total Asia

 

1,927

1,722

11.9%

11.5%

Americas

870

717

21.4%

22.3%

Other (Middle East)

171

76

125.2%

123.2%

TOTAL

 

3,962

3,364

17.7%

17.6%

(a) Sales by destination.

REVENUE BY SECTOR

 

 

                  As of Dec. 31st                                            Evolution /2023

In millions of Euros

 

At constant

                   2024                          2023                   Published              exchange rates

Leather Goods and Saddlery (1)

6,457

5,547

16.4%

18.3%

Ready-to-wear and Accessories (2)

4,405

3,879

13.6%

15.4%

Silk and Textiles

 

950

932

1.9%

3.8%

Other Hermès sectors (3)

1,909

1,653

15.5%

17.1%

Perfume and Beauty

535

492

8.7%

9.3%

Watches

 

577

611

(5.6%)

(4.2%)

Other products (4)

337

313

7.7%

8.7%

TOTAL

 

15,170

13,427

13.0%

14.7%

 

 

                     4th quarter                                               Evolution /2023

In millions of Euros

 

At constant

                   2024                          2023                   Published              exchange rates

Leather Goods and Saddlery (1)

1,669

1,371

21.7%

21.5%

Ready-to-wear and Accessories (2)

1,108

945

17.3%

17.4%

Silk and Textiles

 

304

285

6.7%

7.3%

Other Hermès sectors (3)

488

413

18.0%

17.4%

Perfume and Beauty

147

126

16.7%

16.9%

Watches

 

143

138

3.2%

2.6%

Other products (4)

104

87

19.1%

19.0%

TOTAL

 

3,962

3,364

17.7%

17.6%

(1)   The “Leather Goods and Saddlery” business line includes women’s and men’s bags, travel items, small leather goods and accessories, saddles, bridles and all equestrian objects and clothing.

(2)   The “Ready-to-wear and Accessories” business line includes Hermès Ready-to-wear for men and women, belts, costume jewellery, gloves, hats and shoes.

(3)   The “Other Hermès business lines” include Jewellery and Hermès home products (Art of Living and Hermès Tableware).

(4)   The “Other products” include the production activities carried out on behalf of non-group brands

(textile printing, tanning…), as well as John Lobb, Saint-Louis and Puiforcat.                

2024 QUARTERLY REVENUE

 

 

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

2024

3,805

3,699

3,704

3,962

15,170

12.6%

11.5%

10.1%

17.7%

13.0%

17.0%

13.3%

11.3%

17.6%

14.7%

 

      Revenue (in €m)                                   

Growth at current exchange rates  

Growth at constant exchange rates

 

 

 

 

 

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EXTRA-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCES

 

                                                               RESPONSIBLE                             DIVERSITY AND                       GENDER EQUALITY

                                                                  EMPLOYER                                     INCLUSION                                           48%

                                                                       +2,300                                   7.12%                                  of women 

                                                                    jobs created                         direct disability employment                        in the top 100

                                                       including +1,300 in France                          rate in France                      

 

VERTICAL 

INTEGRATION

55%

manufactured in its in-house

and exclusive workshops 

 

LONG-TERM

RELATIONSHIPS

€351M

of which €235M in incentive

schemes and profit-sharing in

France and €116M of worldwide bonus

 

LOCAL 

ANCHORING

74%

objects 

made in France  

 

CLIMATE 

Scopes 1 & 2 (SBTi)

-63.7%

emissions reduction in absolute value vs 2018

SCOPE 3 (SBTi) -50.5%

emissions reduction in intensity since 2018

 

 

BIODIVERSITY

SBTN

Scientific approach for  nature

completion of the first two stages

 

WATER 

WITHDRAWAL

-65.4%

Industrial water intensity  over 10 years

 

                 

 

APPENDIX – EXTRACT FROM CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS

Financial statements of the year, including notes to the consolidated accounts, will be available at the end of March 2025 on the website https://finance.hermes.com, together with the other chapters of the Annual Financial Report.

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT

                                               In millions of euros                                                                                                                     2024                      2023

Revenue

15,170

                    13,427

Cost of sales

(4,511)

                    (3,720)

Gross margin

10,660

                      9,708

Sales and administrative expenses

(3,569)

                    (3,169)

Other income and expenses

(942)

                       (889)

Recurring operating income

6,150

                      5,650

Other non-recurring income and expenses

-

                              -

Operating income

6,150

                      5,650

Net financial income

283

                         190

Net income before tax

6,432

                      5,840

Income tax

(1,845)

                    (1,623)

Net income from associates

44

                         105

CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME

4,631

                      4,322

Non-controlling interests

(28)

                         (12)

NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWNERS OF THE PARENT

4,603

                      4,311

Basic earnings per share (in euros)

43.93

                      41.19

Diluted earnings per share (in euros)

43.87

                      41.12

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

                                               In millions of euros                                                                                                                     2024                      2023

Consolidated net income

4,631

                      4,322

Changes in foreign currency adjustments

168

                       (114)

Hedges of future cash flows in foreign currencies 1

(111)

                             7

Items that may be transferable to profit or loss

57

                       (107)

Assets at fair value 1

30

                              -

Actuarial gains and losses 1

(18)

                           10

Items that may not be transferable to profit or loss

12

                           10

Other comprehensive income

69

                         (97)

NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

attributable to owners of the parent

4,700

                      4,225

                      4,213

4,670

attributable to non-controlling interests

29

                           13

                                               (1)  Net of tax.                                                                                                                                                                 

 

         

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

ASSETS

                                In millions of euros                                                                                                                                 31/12/2024         31/12/2023

Goodwill

228

                                72

Intangible assets

237

                              225

Right-of-use assets

1,786

                           1,716

Property, plant and equipment

2,980

                           2,347

Financial assets

1,050

                           1,141

Investments in associates

238

                              200

Deferred tax assets

929

                              631

Other non-current assets

159

                              107

Non-current assets

7,608

                           6,438

Inventories and work-in-progress

2,797

                           2,414

Trade and other receivables

478

                              431

Current tax receivables

28

                                51

Other current assets

398

                              300

Financial derivatives

132

                              188

Cash and cash equivalents

11,642

                         10,625

Current assets

15,476

                         14,008

TOTAL ASSETS

23,084

                         20,447

LIABILITIES

                                In millions of euros                                                                                                                                 31/12/2024        31/12/2023

Share capital

54

                                54

Share premium

50

                                50

Treasury shares

(670)

                            (698)

Reserves

12,464

                         10,744

Foreign currency adjustments

355

                              189

Revaluation adjustments

471

                              553

Net income attributable to owners of the parent

4,603

                            4,311

Equity attributable to owners of the parent

17,327

                         15,201

Non-controlling interests

7

                                  2

Equity

17,334

                         15,203

Borrowings and financial liabilities due in more than one year

61

                                50

Lease liabilities due in more than one year

1,781

                           1,720

Non-current provisions

33

                                31

Post-employment and other employee benefit obligations due in more than one year

173

                              151

Deferred tax liabilities

5

                                  2

Other non-current liabilities

69

                              106

Non-current liabilities

2,120

                           2,060

Borrowings and financial liabilities due in less than one year

0

                                  1

Lease liabilities due in less than one year

332

                              289

Current provisions

96

                              134

Post-employment and other employee benefit obligations due in less than one year

16

                                16

Trade and other payables

832

                              880

Financial derivatives

161

                                45

Current tax liabilities

773

                              586

Other current liabilities

1,419

                           1,233

Current liabilities

3,629

                           3,183

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

23,084

                         20,447

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

Revaluation adjustments

Number of

Share

Share

Consolidated reserves and net income attributable Treasury                         to owners of

Actuarial gains and

Foreign currency

image

Hedges of Equity future cash attributable

                      flows in      to owners               Non-

   Financial            foreign                  of the controlling

image                                                        shares       capital       premium           shares         the parent              losses adjustments investments       currencies                                  interests

                                               105,569,412                                     (674)          12,247

4,311

                                                               -            -              -                            (105)               -                 -                 -                -          (129)                -                                                             (129)

Dividends paid                                                    -            -               -              -

(1,376)                -

Other                                                                       -            -               -              -

    (51)                -

-       -               -               -               104           -               -               -               -               104           -               104 -         -               -               (1,376)         (10)           (1,386)

Dividends paid                                                    -            -               -              -

(2,642)                -

Other                                                                       -            -               -              -

      (7)             (2)

image-                                                                                                                             -               -               (64)               -                -              -                  -                                                                                                                             (36)             -               (36)

                                                                                                                                                                 -                 -                -             (9)             39   30

AS AT 

                                               105,569,412         54            50         (670)          17,163          (95)             355             551           (80)        17,327               7                                                    17,334

31 DECEMBER 2024

image

             

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

                             In millions of euros                                                                                                                                               2024                    2023

Net income attributable to owners of the parent

4,603

                            4,311

Depreciation and amortisation of fixed assets, rights of use and impairment losses

844

                               772

Foreign exchange gains/(losses) on fair value adjustments

(56)

                                 56

Change in provisions

(29)

                                 15

Net income from associates

(44)

                            (105)

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests

28

                                 12

Capital gains or losses on disposals and impact of changes in scope of consolidation

(2)

                              (14)

Deferred tax variation

(93)

                              (14)

Accrued expenses and income related to share-based payments

142

                               104

Dividend income

(16)

                              (12)

Other

(0)

                                   1

Operating cash flows

5,378

                            5,123

Change in working capital requirements

(239)

                            (794)

CASH FLOWS RELATED TO OPERATING ACTIVITIES (A)

5,139

                            4,328

Operating investments

(1,067)

                            (859)

Acquisitions of consolidated shares

(229)

                            (288)

Acquisitions of other financial assets

(27)

                              (52)

Disposals of operating assets

1

                                   0

Disposals of consolidated shares and impact of losses of control

-

                                   -

Disposals of other financial assets

145

                                   -

Change in payables and receivables related to investing activities

(49)

                                 93

Dividends received

30

                               112

CASH FLOWS RELATED TO INVESTING ACTIVITIES (B)

(1,195)

                            (995)

Dividends paid

(2,705)

                         (1,386)

Repayment of lease liabilities

(305)

                            (277)

Treasury share buybacks net of disposals

(37)

                            (130)

Borrowing subscriptions

-

                                   -

Repayment of borrowings

(1)

                                (1)

Other changes in equity

2

                                (0)

CASH FLOWS RELATED TO FINANCING ACTIVITIES (C)

(3,046)

                         (1,794)

Foreign currency translation adjustment (D)

119

                            (138)

CHANGE IN NET CASH POSITION (A) + (B) + (C) + (D)

1,017

                            1,402

Net cash position at the beginning of the period

10,625

                            9,223

Net cash position at the end of the period

11,642

                          10,625

             

REMINDER

2024 HALF YEAR KEY FIGURES

 

In millions of euros

H1 2024

H1 2023

 

 

Revenue

7,504

6,698

Growth at current exchange rates vs. n-1

12.0%

22.3%

Growth at constant exchange rates vs. n-1 (1)

15.1%

25.2%

 

 

 

Recurring operating income (2)

3,148

2,947

As a % of revenue

42.0%

44.0%

 

 

 

Operating income

3,148

2,947

As a % of revenue

42.0%

44.0%

 

 

 

Net profit – Group share

2,368

2,226

As a % of revenue

31.6%

33.2%

 

 

 

Operating cash flows

2,829

2,615

Operating investments

319

249

 

 

 

Adjusted free cash flows (3)

1,776

1,720

 

 

 

Equity – Group share

15,052

13,249

 

 

 

Net cash position (4)

9,477

9,326

 

 

 

Restated net cash position (5)

10,033

9,848

 

 

 

Workforce (number of employees) (6)

23,242

20,607

(1)     Growth at constant exchange rates is calculated by applying, for each currency, the average exchange rates of the previous period to the revenue for the period. 

(2)     Recurring operating income is one of the main performance indicators monitored by Group

Management. It corresponds to operating income excluding non‑recurring items having a significant impact that may affect understanding of the group’s economic performance. 

(3)     Adjusted free cash flows are the sum of cash flows related to operating activities, less operating investments and the repayment of lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16 (aggregates in the consolidated statement of cash flows).

(4)     Net cash position includes cash and cash equivalents presented under balance sheet assets, less bank overdrafts which appear under short‑term borrowings and financial liabilities on the liabilities side. Net cash position does not include lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16. (5) The restated net cash position corresponds to net cash plus cash investments that do not meet the IFRS criteria for cash equivalents due in particular to their original maturity of more than three months, less borrowings and financial liabilities.

(6) The headcount relates to employees on permanent contracts and those on fixed-term contracts lasting more than 9 months, prior to the change in CSRD methodology.

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