par Kibaran Resources Limited (isin : AU000000KNL2)
38% Increase in Epanko Mineral Resource
EQS-News: EcoGraf Limited / Key word(s): Miscellaneous
38% Increase in Epanko Mineral Resource
03.03.2023 / 08:40 CET/CEST
The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.
Increased Mineral Resource Positions Epanko for Expansion to Become a Major Supply of Graphite for the Global Lithium-ion Battery Market
EcoGraf Limited (EcoGraf or the Company) (ASX: EGR; FSE: FMK; OTCQX: ECGFF) is pleased to report an increase in the Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) for its Epanko Graphite Project in Tanzania.
Key Highlights:
- Epanko total Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) increased to 128.2Mt at 7.4% Total Graphitic Grade (‘TGC’) for 9.48Mt of contained graphite which is a 38% increase from the March 2017 MRE (refer table 1 below)
- The new MRE is based on increased geological knowledge, extensive testwork and updated interpretation that will inform the planned drill programmes to further increase the graphite Mineral Resource
- Supported by the re-interpretation of the VTEM a 3km strike length remains undrilled and open at depth
- Deepest reported graphite intersection at 200m on the Western Deposit provides ample scope for Mineral Resource growth
- The new MRE will be incorporated in expansion studies aimed at scaling up Epanko production significantly beyond the initial Stage 1 - 60,000 tpa design
- Completion of a tailings storage facility (TSF) expansion study shows that the TSF capacity can be progressively expanded to 80 million tonnes, which is 8 times the initial capacity, supporting significant expansion potential
- Demand for natural graphite, led by the global lithium-ion battery market, is forecast by Benchmark Mineral Intelligence to increase at 31.5%pa in the current decade, with customers requiring new sources of supply and seeking to reduce their reliance on existing supply chains
- Duma TanzGraphite Limited now registered with the Tanzanian Business Registrations and Licensing Agency (“BRELA”), with Framework Agreement expected to be signed shortly
The MRE was carried out by CSA Global Pty Ltd (‘CSA Global’), a member of the ERM Group of Companies, and has been classified in accordance with the JORC (2012) Code and is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 – February 2023 Mineral Resource Estimate for the Epanko Deposit >5.5% TGC
| JORC Classification | Tonnage (Mt) | Grade (%TGC) | Contained Graphite (Kt) |
| Measured | 21.5 | 7.7 | 1,650 |
| Indicated | 41.7 | 7.6 | 3,165 |
| Measured + Indicated | 63.1 | 7.6 | 4,820 |
| Inferred | 65.1 | 7.2 | 4,690 |
| Total | 128.2 | 7.4 | 9,510 |
Notes for Table 1: Tonnage figures contained within Table 1 have been rounded to nearest 100,000. % TGC grades are rounded to 1 decimal figure. Abbreviations used: Mt = 1,000,000 tonnes, Kt = 1,000 tonnes. Rounding errors may occur in tables.
Epanko is a long-life, high quality natural flake graphite project located in south-west Tanzania, with extensive work already undertaken by EcoGraf to establish a development-ready new graphite mine, including:
- Completion of a Bankable Feasibility Study (BFS) demonstrating a highly attractive development opportunity;
- Granted mining licence and environmental approvals;
- Independent Engineer’s Review by SRK Consulting on behalf of lenders, confirming technical aspects of the proposed development and that the Equator Principles social and environmental planning satisfies International Finance Corporation Performance Standards and World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines;
- Flake graphite sales for key markets in Europe and Asia;
- Financing program with international and Tanzanian financial institutions; and
- Recruitment of an experienced project development team and advanced project execution planning to support a Final Investment Decision.
Extensive evaluation conducted with prospective graphite customers demonstrates that the unique geology of Tanzanian graphite delivers a superior battery anode material product, which outperforms other global reference materials in mechanical shaping, purification and electrochemical benchmarking analysis. This positions Epanko to become a globally significant supplier of high-quality graphite for the Company’s planned battery anode material facilities in key international markets.
The MRE is wholly contained within a favourable graphitic schist unit, with barren gneissic rock units in the hanging wall and footwall to the graphitic schist unit. The quality of Epanko graphite is the result of two key geological advantages, a calc silicate dominant host gangue mineral with very little deleterious elements and very high crystallinity caused by extremely high metamorphic pressure and temperature. Flake graphite crystallinity provides its physical and industrial properties, with the favourable Epanko mineralogy resulting in improved recoveries, product quality and economic efficiency.
As a result of these geological features, Epanko flake graphite is easily liberated using a low-cost, efficient flotation process to produce high quality graphite products, supported by the Company’s large scale 200 tonne bulk sample program that has outperformed the Ore Reserve block model grades, confirming the integrity of the model and demonstrating the robust nature and significant upside of the Epanko MRE undertaken by CSA Global.
Following mining and resource optimisation associated with the ‘in progress’ Epanko expansion studies, a 5.5% TGC reporting grade was selected for the MRE, as it provides an optimal economic position for future mine scheduling scenarios. At this same cut-off grade, the 2017 Mineral Resource totalled 93.1Mt @ 7.65% TGC (including Measured – 21.5Mt at 7.7% TGC, Indicated – 38.6Mt at 7.7% TGC and Inferred - 33.1Mt at 7.6% TGC).
The grade-tonnage curve for the 2023 MRE (Measured, Indicated and Inferred) is provided in Figure 1.
Table 2 – Key Parameters of the February 2023 Epanko Mineral Resource
| EcoGraf - Epanko Feb' 2023 | |
| Total MRE (Mt) | 128.2 |
| MRE Grade (TGC) | 7.4% |
| Cut-off Grade (TGC) | 5.5% |
| CP Sign-off | CSA Global |
| Density Factor (t/m3) | Oxide-1.86/Transitional-2.23/Fresh-2.8 |
| Average Thickness (m) | 200 |
| Resource Strike Length (m) | 2,150 |
| Tonnes per Linear (m) | 60,000 |
| Undrilled Strike Length within Tenure (m) | 3,400 |
The Mineral Resource shows a significant increase in tonnes for the Inferred category, compared to the previously reported Mineral Resource in 2017. The tonnage increase is attributed to conversion of previously unclassified blocks in the Epanko West Mineral Resource block model to Inferred, located at the southern and northern end of the geological model, and at depth below Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources. The additional Inferred volumes are supported by a review, completed by the Competent Person, of the geophysical models prepared in 2017, which support the depth and strike extensions of graphitic mineralisation, and surface mapping, which support the strike continuity and the steep dip of the host geological unit. Additional drilling and sampling is recommended within the Inferred volumes to support future mining studies.
A minor increase in Indicated tonnes is also noted, with the Indicated tonnages transferred from Inferred volumes. There has been a significant change in the graphite market in the 6 years since the previous Mineral Resource was reported, with the finer flake size (-100 mesh) attracting much greater demand for the manufacture of Lithium-ion batteries for the Electric Vehicle (EV) markets. The finer flake size is more evenly distributed through the Epanko deposits than the large to jumbo flake sizes, consideration for which previously contributed significantly to the Indicated (and Measured) Mineral Resource classification. This has allowed for a relaxation on the tighter constraints previously applied to the classification of the graphitic schist volumes.
No changes have been made to the Epanko East Mineral Resource model.
EcoGraf’s technical team is evaluating an additional drilling programme at Epanko to further increase the size and confidence of the MRE to support the on-going planning for Epanko expansion options. The updated MRE information is being utilised by the Company’s technical team to optimise future drilling to maximise the potential to expand production at Epanko to meet the forecast growth in demand for battery minerals.
As part of the expansion studies, global consultants Knight Piésold were engaged to assess the capacity for tailings storage in the Epanko valley, beyond the 10Mt capacity designed in the 2017 BFS.
This program identified multiple options to significantly increase the capacity of the existing tailings dam from 10Mt to 80Mt as production ramps-up, delivering flexibility and reduced expansion costs.
Clause 49, JORC Code Consideration
In accordance with Clause 49 of the JORC Code (2012), the product specifications and general product marketability were considered to support the MRE for Industrial Minerals by CSA Global.
The graphite concentrate is amenable to standard metallurgical recovery processes and metallurgical characteristics are considered to provide Epanko with significant competitive and commercial advantages (refer ASX announcement Updated Bankable Feasibility Study 21 June 2017). Testwork reported has confirmed the graphite mineralisation is suitable for the 'expanded' and ‘spherical’ battery markets.
Mineral Resource Estimate
Geology and Geological Interpretation
The Epanko Graphite Project is hosted within a quartz-feldspar graphitic schist, part of a Neoproterozoic metasediment package, including marble and gneissic units. The Epanko deposit is located within Neoproterozoic high grade mafic and felsic granulites, gneiss and migmatites, interlayered with amphibolites, marble quartzite, schist and mylonite. Epanko host rocks consist of biotite-carbonate-graphite schists, with gneiss, marble and late quartz-feldspar-carbonate veining forming the footwall and hangingwall to the graphitic schist unit. The gneiss is the dominant unit within the prospect, consisting of amphibole, biotite and carbonate with trace graphite in places.
Two zones of graphitic schist have been mapped, named the Eastern Zone and the Western Zone, the latter comprising the Epanko Western Zone MRE. Mineralisation is believed to be the product of pre-existing carbonaceous sediments subjected to regional metamorphism induced by a north-south regional thrusting event. The graphitic schists contain between 3% and 25% TGC. The mineralisation is hosted within a graphitic schist, which is dominantly light grey, and in places porphyroblastic (known locally as ‘Cheetah’ rock), strongly brecciated and dark coloured. Coarse flaky graphite has been observed within the graphitic schist. The host rocks generally strike in a northerly direction, with varying east and west dips.
Sectional interpretations of the graphitic schist were assessed by EcoGraf and CSA Global and wireframe solids were modelled which support the MRE. Weathering profiles for oxide, transitional and primary zones were also modelled.
The additional Inferred Mineral Resource is supported by a Versatile Time Domain Electromagnetic (VTEM) survey, which highlights the potential for the delineation of additional Mineral Resources along strike and at depth in the Western Zone. Further support was derived from surface mapping and structural geology interpretations, indicating a continuation of strike of the graphitic schist package.
Drilling Techniques
The drillhole database is comprised of 58 diamond holes (HQ, triple tubed), 64 reverse circulation (RC) holes, and eight trenches cut across the strike of the deposit. Drill samples were assayed by a reputable independent assay laboratory in South Africa.
Sampling Techniques
Trenches were sampled at 1m intervals across the strike of the graphitic schist. RC and diamond core were also sampled at 1m intervals using industry standard procedures. All samples were geologically logged.
Sample Analysis Method
All samples were sent to Bureau Veritas laboratory in Rustenburg for preparation and LECO analyses. All samples are crushed using LM2 mill to –4mm and pulverised to nominal 80% passing –75 μm prior to sample analyses for TGC.
A series of comminution and flotation tests were conducted on composite samples selected from the oxide, transition and primary zones of the deposit. These were completed at a range of grades between 5% TGC and 8.9% TGC to determine whether there is any variability of recovery to concentrate in the weathering zones. Batch variability flotation testwork shows recoveries of 83-95% in the various ore types and grades tested producing a 96% TGC concentrate.
The recovered flake graphite is clean, with no visible natural mineral impurities.
The graphite concentrate is amenable to standard metallurgical recovery processes.
Estimation Methodology
A block model constrained by the interpreted geological envelopes was constructed with a parent cell size of 10 m (E) by 25 m (N) by 20 m (RL) adopted, with sub-celling used to maintain the resolution of the mineralised domains. Samples composited to 1 m length were used to interpolate TGC grades into the block model using ordinary kriging interpolation techniques. A search ellipse of 70 m (X) by 35 m (Y) by 6 m (Z) was used to select samples for grade interpolation. A minimum of 4 and maximum of 12 samples were used per block estimate. A search ellipse with radii 120 m (along strike) x 30 m (down dip) x 20 m (across strike) was used, with a 20° southerly plunge as determined by the variogram model.
Block grades were validated both visually and statistically. All modelling was completed using Datamine software.
Density data was derived from Archimedes method test work using diamond core billets, wax coated to prevent water incursion into cavities. The Epanko Western Zone density database is based upon 267 diamond core samples, with density values of 1.92 t/m3, 2.33 t/m3 and 2.84 t/m3 applied to the oxide, transitional and fresh weathering domains respectively.
Mineral Resource Classification
The Epanko MRE is classified as a combination of Measured, Indicated and Inferred, and is reported in accordance with the JORC Code (2012), with geological and sampling evidence sufficient to confirm geological and grade continuity within the volumes classified as Measured. The classification levels are based upon an assessment of geological understanding of the deposit, geological and grade continuity, drillhole spacing, quality control results, search and interpolation parameters, and an analysis of available density information. Metallurgical considerations including flake size distribution and purity of product were also given due consideration, along with marketing agreements, all supporting the classification applied. The deposit appears to be of sufficient grade, quantity, and coherence to have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction.
Figure 4 shows a long section through the Epanko Western Zone deposit, showing the updated MRE classification categories applied to the block model. Some Mineral Resource volumes previously classified as Inferred have been transferred to Indicated.
The previously interpreted Inferred classification boundary is shown in Figure 1, along with the current Inferred boundary, which demonstrates the reason for the increase in Inferred tonnages, and where those changes have occurred. No changes were made to the Measured category.
Within the Inferred classification volumes, the maximum distance from a drill sample to an Inferred block is approximately 250 m. The Competent Person considers the geological continuity of the host graphitic schist, and the grade (TGC) continuity within the schist, satisfy the requirements for reporting of an Inferred Mineral Resource.
Cut-off Grades
A reporting cut-off grade of 5.5% TGC was used to report the MRE and was selected following a review of the 2017 BFS mine optimisation and scheduling, which includes +5% TGC ore being scheduled into the operation and produced a positive economic outcome.
Mining and Metallurgical Methods
The Epanko deposit will be mined by open pit methods, with detailed studies provided in the BFS.
The initial operation at Epanko will include a 720,000tpa flotation processing plant producing 60,000tpa of graphite flake product over a lifespan of 17.5 years. The final graphite concentrate will be dry screened into saleable size fractions.
APPENDIX 3 JORC TABLE 1
JORC Table 1 Section 1 – Sampling Techniques and Data
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
| Sampling techniques | Nature and quality of sampling (e.g. cut channels, random chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as downhole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc.). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling. Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used. Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report. In cases where ‘industry standard’ work has been done this would be relatively simple (e.g. ‘reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay’). In other cases, more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (e.g. submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information. | The Epanko deposit was sampled by reverse circulation (RC) holes, diamond core drilling and trenching. Sampling is guided by Ecograf’s protocols and quality assurance procedures. RC samples are collected by a riffle splitter using a face sampling hammer diameter approximately 140 mm. Diamond core (if competent) is cut using a core saw. Where the material is too soft it is left in the tray and a knife is used to quarter the core for sampling. ¼ core was collected over nominal 1 m intervals, but with +/- variation to fit to lithological boundaries. Trenches were sampled at 1 m intervals. These intervals were speared and submitted for analyses. All samples were sent to Bureau Veritas laboratory in Rustenburg for preparation and LECO analyses. All samples are crushed using LM2 mill to –4 mm and pulverised to nominal 80% passing –75 μm. |
| Drilling techniques | Drill type (e.g. core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc.) and details (e.g. core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc.). | RC drilling holes were complete at a diameter of 5¼” using a face sampling hammer. All RC samples were collected dry and riffle split after passing through the cyclone. Diamond holes were drilled at PQ3 diameter for the broken, weathered zones, before reducing to HQ3 for the fresh, more competent. Where possible diamond core was orientated using a Ezi-Ori tool allowing orientated structural measurements to be taken Where terrain allowed, holes were designed to hit mineralisation orthogonally. |
| Drill sample recovery | Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed. Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples. Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material. | The RC rig sampling systems are routinely cleaned to minimise the potential for contamination. Drilling methods are focused on sample quality. Diamond drilling (triple tubed HQ diameter core) was used to maximise sample recovery when used. The selection of RC drilling company, having a water drilling background enables far greater control on any water present in the system; ensuring wet samples were kept to a minimum. RC and diamond holes were all assessed for the quality of samples. This data was recorded for each interval in the logging template. Sample techniques were chosen to ensure the all remained highly representative of the parent interval (e.g. by using a three-tier riffle splitter). Sample quality and recovery was recorded for all intervals. No relationship exists between sample recovery and grade. |
| Logging | Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies. Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc.) photography. The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged. | All RC holes were geologically logged using the detailed company template, based on industry standards. All diamond holes were geological and structurally logged using the same template in addition to geotechnical logging using a separate industry standard template. Logged data is both qualitative and quantitative depending on field being logged. Core photography was also captured for every tray of diamond core. |
| Subsampling techniques and sample preparation | If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken. If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc. and whether sampled wet or dry. For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique. Quality control procedures adopted for all subsampling stages to maximise representivity of samples. Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in-situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling. Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled. | All RC holes were geologically logged using the detail company template, based on industry standards. All diamond holes were geological and structurally logged using the same template in addition to geotechnical logging using a separate industry standard template. Logged data is both qualitative and quantitative depending on field being logged. Core photography was also captured for every tray of diamond core. Trench samples were representatively collected across each 1 m interval by three-tier riffle splitter in a dry environment where ground conditions allowed. Diamond samples were cut to ¼ core using a core saw. The same ¼ for each interval was samples throughout the length of all holes. All samples were submitted for assay. Sample preparation at the Bureau Veritas laboratory involves the original sample being dried at 80° for up to 24 hours and weighed on submission to laboratory. Crushing to nominal –4 mm. Sample is split to less than 2 kg through linear splitter and excess retained. Sample splits are weighed at a frequency of 1/20 and entered into the job results file. Pulverising is completed using LM2 mill to 90% passing –75 μm. Quality assurance/quality control (QAQC) protocols were followed, including the use of field duplicate samples to test the primary sampling step for the RC drilling along with certified reference material and blanks. Sample sizes are considered appropriate with regard to the grain size of the sampled material. |
| Quality of assay data and laboratory tests | The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total. For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc., the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc. Nature of quality control procedures adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and precision have been established. | Drill samples were sent to Bureau Veritas Rustenburg (South Africa) for preparation and assaying. The following methodology is used by Bureau Veritas for total graphitic carbon (TGC) analyses. Total carbon is measured using LECO technique. The sample is combusted in the oxygen atmosphere and the IR used to measure the amount of CO2 produced. The calibration of the LECO instrument is done by using certified reference materials. For the analysis of graphitic carbon, a 0.3 g sample is weighed and roasted at 550oC to remove any organic carbon. The sample is then heated with diluted hydrochloric acid to remove carbonates. After cooling the sample is filtered and the residue rinsed and dried at 75oC prior to analysis by the LECO instrument. The analyses by LECO are done by total combustion of sample in the oxygen atmosphere and using IR absorption from the resulting CO2 produced. Laboratory certificates were sent via email from the assay laboratory to Ecograf. The assay data was provided to CSA Global in the form of Microsoft Excel files and assay laboratory certificates. The files were imported into Datamine. QAQC samples are inserted at 10% frequency with standards, blanks and field duplicates evenly comprising that 10%. |
| Verification of sampling and assaying | The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel. The use of twinned holes. Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols. Discuss any adjustment to assay data. | Senior Ecograf geological personnel supervised the sampling, and alternative personnel verified the sampling locations. Five RC holes were twinned with diamond drillholes. Primary data are captured on paper in the field and then re-entered into spreadsheet format by the supervising geologist, to then be loaded into the company’s database. All digital logging templates contain in-built data QAQC functionality to prevent incorrect data entry. No adjustments are made to any assay data. |
| Location of data points | Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drillholes (collar and downhole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation. Specification of the grid system used. Quality and adequacy of topographic control. | Drillhole collar locations surveyed using a licensed surveyor with Differential GPS equipment. UTM Zone 37 South was the grid system used. No coordinate transformation was applied to the data. Downhole surveys were completed using Reflex Ezi-Shot tool. Data was collected via multi-shot for diamond holes and single-shot for RC. Topographic DTM was from a LIDAR survey flown in 2015. |
| Data spacing and distribution | Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied. Whether sample compositing has been applied. | Spacings are sufficient for estimation and reporting of a Mineral Resource. Drillhole locations are at a nominal 50 m (Y) by 25 m (X) spacings. Drill lines were completed on an east-west basis. Data spacing and distribution are sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity. No compositing has been applied to exploration data. |
| Orientation of data in relation to geological structure | Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type. If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material. | Most holes have been orientated towards an azimuth so as to be able intersect the graphitic mineralisation in a perpendicular manner. Drill pad accessibility has required an adjustment to drillhole orientation to a few holes. Holes were drilled at dips ranging from -50° to -90°, to best intercept the targeted geology given constraints of topography and access. Varying orientation of drillholes was taken into consideration when interpreting the results. |
| Sample security | The measures taken to ensure sample security. | Samples were stored at the company’s secure field camp prior to dispatch to Bureau Veritas Dar es Salaam by a privately contracted transport company, who maintained security of the samples. |
| Audits or reviews | The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data. | Sampling procedures were independently reviewed by CSA Global as part of the preparation of the Mineral Resource estimate. Ecograf senior geological personnel reviewed sampling procedures on a regular basis. All drillhole results were collated and stored within a Microsoft Access database. A random selection of assays from the database was cross referenced against the laboratory certificates. |
JORC 2012 Table 1 Section 2 – Reporting of Exploration Results
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
| Mineral tenement and land tenure status | Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental settings. The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area. | The tenement is 100% owned by Ecograf’s wholly owned subsidiary TanzGraphite (TZ) Limited. The Epanko deposit lies within granted mining license ML548/2015. |
| Exploration done by other parties | Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties. | Historical reports exist for the project area as the region was first recognised for graphite potential in 1914 and 1959. No more recent information exists. |
| Geology | Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation. | The Mahenge Project is hosted within a quartz–feldspar graphitic schist, part of a Neoproterozoic metasediment package, including marble and gneissic units. Two zones of graphitic schist have been mapped, named the Eastern Zone and the Western Zone. Mineralisation is believed to be the product of pre-existing carbonaceous sediments subjected to regional metamorphism induced by a north-south regional thrusting event. The graphitic schists contain between 3% and 25% TGC. |
| Drillhole Information | A summary of all information material to the understanding of the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drillholes: easting and northing of the drillhole collar elevation or RL (Reduced Level – elevation above sea level in metres) of the drillhole collar dip and azimuth of the hole downhole length and interception depth hole length. If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case. | Sample and drillhole coordinates are provided in market announcement dated 1 February in addition to this announcement. |
| Data aggregation methods | In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (e.g. cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail. The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated. | No high-grade cuts were considered necessary. Aggregating was made for intervals that reported over 1% TGC. The purpose of this is to report intervals that may be significant to future metallurgical work. There is no implication about economic significance. Intervals reporting above 8% TGC are intended to highlight a significant higher grade component of graphite; there is no implication of economic significance. No equivalents were used because they are not relevant to graphite Mineral Resource estimates. |
| Relationship between mineralisation widths and intercept lengths | These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results. If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drillhole angle is known, its nature should be reported. If it is not known and only the downhole lengths are reported, there should be a clear statement to this effect (e.g. ‘downhole length, true width not known’). | All drillholes have been orientated towards an azimuth so as to be able intersect the graphitic mineralisation orthogonally, where possible. Terrain constraint restricted this on occasion. All interpretation considers the orientation of the drillhole and the intercepted units. Given dip variations are mapped downhole length are reported, true width not known from the exploration results. |
| Diagrams | Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of drillhole collar locations and appropriate sectional views. | Not applicable to this announcement |
| Balanced reporting | Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results. | Not applicable to this announcement. |
| Other substantive exploration data | Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples – size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances. | Field mapping was conducted early in the geological assessment of the license area to define the geological boundaries of the graphitic schist with other geological formations. Geological mapping of trenches cut across the strike of the host geological units provided important information used to compile the Mineral Resource estimate. The additional Inferred Mineral Resource is supported by a Versatile Time Domain Electromagnetic (VTEM ) survey, which highlights the potential for the delineation of additional Mineral Resources along strike and at depth in the Western Zone. Further support was derived from surface mapping and structural geology interpretations, indicating a continuation of strike of the graphitic schist package. Details of metallurgical testwork are detailed in the body of this report, and in Section 3 of this table. |
| Further work | The nature and scale of planned further work (e.g. tests for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling). Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive. | A drilling program is planned for 2023, with objectives being to define further graphitic mineralisation within the oxide zone, and to test for strike and depth extensions to the graphitic schist, particularly within Epanko West. Results will feed into a Mineral Resource update for H2, 2023 which will in turn support a revision of the BFS using current costs and product prices. |
JORC 2012 Table 1 Section 3 – Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
| Database integrity | Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes. Data validation procedures used. | Data used in the Mineral Resource estimate is sourced from an MS Access database, maintained by Ecograf. The data has been normalised and referential integrity between tables has been set through table relationships and key fields to ensure unique identifiers, which are consistent throughout. Relevant tables from the data base were exported to MS Excel format and converted to csv format for import into Datamine Studio RM software for use in the Mineral Resource estimate. The Ecograf database was validated by CSA Global and the database was found to be fit for purpose to support the Mineral Resource estimate. Validation of the data import include checks for overlapping intervals, missing survey data, missing assay data, missing lithological data, and missing collars. The Total Graphitic Carbon (TGC) grade was cross checked against the Total Carbon (C) grade to ensure TGC<=C. |
| Site visits | Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and the outcome of those visits. If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case. | The Competent Person (Mineral Resources) visited site in March 2014. The RC drilling rig was in operation and the Competent Person was able to review drilling and sampling procedures. Outcrop showing mineralisation was examined and geologically assessed. Planned drill sites were examined and assessed with respect to strike and dip of the interpreted geological model. Trenches were examined and a re-enactment of sampling procedures was presented by the Ecograf geological staff. Sample storage facilities were inspected. There were no negative outcomes from any of the above items, and all samples and geological data were deemed fit for use in the preparation of the Mineral Resource estimate. |
| Geological interpretation | Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological interpretation of the mineral deposit. Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made. The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation. The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation. The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology. | There is a high level of confidence in the geological interpretation, based upon lithological and structural logging of diamond drill core, and lithological logging of RC chips. Trenches cut orthogonal to the strike of the geology demonstrated the geometry of the deposit, and clearly showed graphitic mineralisation. Deposit scale geological mapping provide a geological framework for the interpretation. Geophysical models (VTEM) support the geological interpretation. Drillhole intercept logging and assay results (RC and diamond core), structural interpretations from drill core and geological logs of trenches have formed the basis for the geological interpretation. Assumptions were made on depth and strike extension of the graphitic schists, using drillhole and trench sample assays as anchor points at depth and at intervals along strike. Geological mapping also support the geological interpretation which supports the Mineral Resource estimate. No alternative interpretations were considered because the exposed geology in outcrop supports the current interpretation. Graphitic mineralisation is hosted within graphitic schist, which is mapped along its strike within the licence area. Total graphitic carbon is assumed to be likewise continuous with the host rock unit. Metallurgical characteristics, principally flake size, has been observed to be of a consistent nature when observed in outcrop, trench exposure and diamond drill core at numerous locations within the licence area. The graphitic schist is open along strike and down dip in Epanko West. The Epanko East deposit is interpreted to be a recumbent fold, open along strike to the north and south. A sub-vertical shear zone offsets the stratigraphy down dip along the lower fold limb. The TGC mineralisation domains are contained within the graphitic schist lithological domain. Weathering domains representing oxide, transitional and fresh were modelled and were used during grade interpolation to constrain grade interpolation, and were allocated different density values. Lithological domains representing schists, gneisses and marble were interpreted and modelled. Major structural features, mainly sub-vertical shears and faults, were modelled and used to assess drill data during preparation of the Mineral Resource estimate. |
| Dimensions | The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource. | The Epanko West Mineral Resource estimate is approximately 2,150 m in strike, 250 m in plan width and reaches 450 m depth below surface. The Epanko East Mineral Resource is approximately 320 m in strike, 400 m in plan width and reaches 160 m depth below surface. |
| Estimation and modelling techniques | The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used. The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data. The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation). In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed. Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units. Any assumptions about correlation between variables. Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates. Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping. The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drillhole data, and use of reconciliation data if available. | The geological models were interpreted and prepared by Ecograf using Surpac software. Datamine Studio RM software was used for block modelling, grade interpolation, mineral resource classification and reporting. GeoAccess Professional and Snowden Supervisor were used for geostatistical analyses of data. The TGC domain is coincident with the graphitic schist lithological domain, and is based upon a nominal 3% lower TGC cut-off grade. The graphitic schist interpretations were based upon geological interpretations of mineralised outcrop and trenches and logging of diamond drill core and RC chips. The Mineral Resource model consists of three domains of TGC mineralisation, with one domain in the Western Zone and two zones in the Eastern Zone. Mineralisation domains were encapsulated by means of 3D wireframed envelopes. Domains were extrapolated along strike or down plunge to half section spacing or if a barren hole cut the plunge extension before this limit. Top cuts were not used to constrain extreme grade values because the TGC grade distribution did not warrant their use. All samples were composited to 1 m intervals, following a review of sample length distribution that most sample lengths were 1 m. All drillhole data (RC and Diamond) and trench assays were utilised in the grade interpolation. A twin drilling program confirmed the RC drillholes could be used with the diamond core samples as part of the grade interpolation. A statistical study of the trench assay data demonstrated a slightly higher grade TGC population to the conventional drilling sample assay results, and a decision was made to limit the influence of the trench sample data to the Oxide weathering zone. Two block models were prepared, for the Epanko West and Epanko East zones, with parent cell sizes 10 mE x 25 mN x 20 mRL for each, compared to typical drill spacing of 25 m x 50 m in the well drilled areas. Grade estimation was by Ordinary Kriging (OK), and Inverse Distance Squared (IDS) estimation was concurrently run as a check estimate. The composited drill sample data were statistically analysed, examining the relationship between TGC and weathering profiles, hole types, and structural domains. A variography study was also carried out examining the influence of structural domains (principally the impact of the D2 faults in the Western Zone). Within the oxide domain there was a population difference noted, but no discernible population differences were noted in the fresh rock domain. Variogram models present a very low relative nugget effect (<15%) for the Western and Eastern zones, with ranges typically between 90 m and 170 m. Short ranges at the first sill were also modelled. Due to the low nugget effect, a low number of samples were required for grade interpolation, with a minimum of four and maximum of 12 composited samples were used in any one block estimate for the Western and Eastern Zones. A maximum of five composited samples per drillhole were used in any one block estimate. Cell Discretisation of 5 x 5 x 5 was used. Grade interpolation was run within the individual mineralisation domains (Epanko East), acting as hard boundaries. The Base of Complete Oxidation acted as a hard boundary for both Western and Eastern deposits. The current Mineral Resource was checked against the previously reported Mineral Resource (June 2015) and showed an increase in global tonnage, with a 41% increase in Measured and Indicated tonnes, but with negligible change in TGC % grade. The stability of the TGC grade following more drilling demonstrates the low variability of TGC within the host units. No depletion of the Mineral Resource due to mining activity was required due to no mining having occurred historically. The Mineral Resource was truncated at Northing 9,037,320 mN (UTM37S), this being the northern boundary of the license area. No by products were modelled. No selective mining units were assumed in this model. The grade model was validated by: (1) creating slices of the model and comparing to drillholes on the same slice; (2) swath plots comparing average block grades with average sample grades on nominated easting, northing and RL slices; and (3) mean grades per domain for estimated blocks and flagged drillhole samples. Each validation step complemented the others. The Mineral Resource estimation process was peer reviewed within CSA Global. Ecograf reported (13 April 2016) the results from 200 tonne bulk samples from the Western and Eastern Zones, with both samples reconciling favourably with the local estimated block grades. |
| Moisture | Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content. | Tonnages are estimated on a dry basis. |
| Cut-off parameters | The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied. | A reporting cut-off grade of 5.5% TGC is used to report the Mineral Resource and was selected following a review of the 2017 BFS mine optimisation and scheduling, which includes +5% TGC ore being scheduled into the operation, which delivered a positive economic outcome. A series of grade tonnage reports were prepared for EcoGraf and an example presented in the body of this announcement. |
| Mining factors or assumptions | Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made. | It is assumed the deposit, if mined, will be developed using open pit mining methods. Geotechnical drilling, logging and rock strength and shear strength analyses have completed. Detailed mine planning was carried out as part of the BFS. The key results from the BFS include a 60 ktpa production profile with pre-tax NPV of US$211M and an IRR of 38.9%. |
| Metallurgical factors or assumptions | The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made. | During 2016-2017 a series of comminution and flotation tests have been conducted on composite samples selected from the oxide, transition and primary zones of both deposits. These have been done at a range of grades between 5%TGC and 8.9%TGC to determine whether there is any variability of recovery to concentrate in the weathering zones of each deposit. In addition, two locked cycle tests are in progress to determine ultimate recoveries from the East and West fresh material. Batch variability flotation testwork shows recoveries of 83-95% in the various ore types and grades tested producing a 96%TGC concentrate. The recovered flake graphite is clean, with no visible natural mineral impurities. The graphite concentrate is amenable to standard metallurgical recovery processes. The recovered product is considered marketable, with a binding offtake and partnership agreements with several European and Japanese graphite trader. There has been a significant change in the graphite market in the 6 years since the previous Mineral Resource was reported, with the finer flake size (-100 flake) attracting much greater demand for the manufacture of Li-ion batteries for the Electric Vehicle (EV) markets. The finer flake size is more evenly distributed through the Epanko deposits than the large to jumbo flake sizes, consideration for which previously contributed significantly to the Indicated (and Measured) Mineral Resource classification. |
| Environmental factors or assumptions | Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions made. | Preliminary designs for a valley fill tails dam and waste dumps with a life of up to 25 years have been produced. The deposit is located within and surrounding the area of the Epanko village farming area, and Ecograf are holding ongoing discussions with local landholders and community groups to keep them well informed of the status and future planned directions of the project. Relocation discussions for the families directly impacted by the project are well advanced. Epanko is located in a sub-equatorial region of Tanzania and is subject to heavy seasonal rainfall, with rapid growth of vegetation in season. A strategy for both subsurface, surface water and decant water management has been prepared for the Bankable Feasibility Study. |
| Bulk density | Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples. The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc.), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit. Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation process of the different materials. | Density was calculated using wet immersion techniques, conducted both by analytical laboratories and by Ecograf field staff. Significant additional testwork has been conducted since the previous Mineral Resource estimate was announced. Particularly in the Eastern Zone fresh material which was previously not identified. The Epanko West density database is based upon 267 diamond core samples, and Epanko East based upon 25 diamond core samples, with samples wax coated prior to immersion in a water bath. Density samples were loaded into Datamine drillhole files and flagged against lithological, mineralisation, weathering and structural domains. A statistical study resulted in assignment of mean density values according to lithology and weathering. Density values of 1.92 t/m3, 2.33 t/m3 and 2.84 t/m3 were applied to the oxide, transitional and fresh weathering domains respectively for the Mineral Resource located in the Western Zone. Density values of 1.76 t/m3, 2.43 t/m3and 2.79 t/m3 were applied to the oxide, transitional and fresh weathering domains respectively for the graphitic schist domain in the Eastern Zone. |
| Classification | The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence categories. Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (i.e. relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data). Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person’s view of the deposit. | Classification of the Mineral Resource estimates was carried out taking into account the geological understanding of the deposit, quality of the sample data, quality of the local block estimates, quality of density data, and drillhole spacing. Metallurgical results related to flake size and sample purity, as well as marketing agreements in place supported the classification, as per Clause 49 (JORC 2012). The Mineral Resource is classified as Measured, Indicated and Inferred, with geological evidence sufficient to confirm geological and grade (and quality) continuity within the Measured volumes, between points of observation where data and samples are gathered. The Indicated classification level was applied to the volumes where geological evidence is sufficient to assume geological, grade and quality continuity. The Inferred classification level was applied to the volumes where geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological, grade and quality continuity. Geophysical models (VTEM) and surface mapping support the Inferred classification in block model volumes where no drill sampling has occurred. Mineral Resource classification was carried out by stepping through both the West and East models, and creating 3D wireframe surfaces constraining the resource classification levels (Western Zone) or by applying northing and easting limits (Eastern Zone). Weathering profiles also controlled the classification, with the oxide weathering zone generally classified at the same or higher level to the adjacent blocks in transitional and fresh zones, due to high confidence in the geological continuity of graphitic schist as observed in outcrop and from trench data. All available data was assessed and the competent person’s relative confidence in the data was used to assist in the classification of the Mineral Resource. The current classification assignment appropriately reflects the Competent Person’s view of the deposit. |
| Audits or reviews | The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates. | An independent due d |